Theoretically, only people who have suffered an injury can be suffering from ‘Shock’, but I will use this to cover all conditions, which could also be brought on by mental trauma.

Shock is a possibly life-threatening condition, which may result from trauma, heatstroke, allergic reactions, severe infection, poisoning or other causes, either physical or mental. Various signs and symptoms appear in a person experiencing shock:

• The skin is cool and clammy. It may appear pale or grey. The pulse is weak and rapid. Breathing may be slow and shallow, or hyperventilation (rapid or deep breathing) may occur. Blood pressure is below normal. The eyes lack lustre and may seem to stare. Sometimes the pupils are dilated. * The person may be conscious or unconscious. If conscious, the person may feel faint or be very weak or confused. Shock sometimes causes a person to become overly excited and anxious

If you suspect shock, even if a person does not appear to have an injury, PHONE 999.

Have the person lie down on his or her back with feet higher than the head. (Rest on a stool or chair if necessary) If raising the legs will cause pain or further injury, keep him or her flat. Keep the person still.

Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin CPR. Or get someone who can.

Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen belt(s) and tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Even if the person complains of thirst, give nothing by mouth.

If the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth, turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking. (Recovery position)

Seek treatment for injuries such as bleeding, bruising, etc.